Ries - Hypervelocity Impact Crater

Alternate Names Nördlinger Ries
Local Language
Coordinates 48° 52' 37" N; 10° 33' 21" E
Notes
  1. 110 km NW of Munich in Bavaria. The town of Nordlingen lies within the basin.
Country Germany
Region Bavaria
Date Confirmed 1961
Notes
  1. Confirmed by discovery of coesite and stishovite (Shoemaker and Chao, 1961). PDFs subsequently reported.
Buried? No
Notes
  1. Miocene lake sediments cover the suevites in the central part (Pohl et al., 1977).
Drilled? Yes
Notes
  1. A deep borehole (1206 m) in the crater centre penetrates Miocene filling complex, suevites, and into fractured and brecciated basement complex. Many holes drilled into the ejecta.
Target Type Mixed
Notes
  1. Palaeozoic and older crystalline; Mesozoic and Cenozoic, sedimentary. Crystalline basement granitic gneisses overlain by some 0.6 km of well-bedded, originally horizontal, Triassic and Jurassic limestones, shales, sandstones, and some Miocene clays, sands and marls (Hörz et al., 1983).
Sub-Type Carbonate, Claystone, Gneiss, Sandstone, Shale
Apparent Crater Diameter (km) 24 km
Age (Ma) 14.808 ± 0.038
Notes :
  1. 14.808 ± 0.038 Ma determined by 40Ar/39Ar of moldavite samples (Schmieder et al., 2018). Additional age constraints: Fission track ages of apatite and sphene are 14.7 Ma (Miller and Wagner, 1979). 40Ar/39Ar of glasses yields an age of 15.1 ± 0.1 Ma (Staudacher et al., 1982).

Method :
  1. 40Ar/39Ar
Impactor Type Ordinary chondrite or achondrite
Notes
  1. Authigenic breccia contains anomalously high concentrations of Fe, Cr, Ni, and Co; may be a chondrite or a stony aubrite meteorite (Morgan et al., 1979).

Advanced Data Fields

Notes

Erosion
2
  1. Largely preserved, with only partial erosion of the ejecta blanket (Hörz et al., 1983).
Final Rim Diameter
Unknown
Apparent Rim Diameter
24 km
  1. The outer rim is 24 km in diameter (Engelhardt, 1997). Some earlier dimensions were 26 km (Hörz et al., 1983) and 23 km (Pohl et al., 1977).
Rim Reliability Index
2
  1. Consists of a multi-ring depression; a poorly developed central uplift is surrounded by an inner ring filled with suevite and lake deposits and an outer ring of deformed sediments, Bunte breccia, and ejecta megablocks (Hörz et al., 1983). The centre of the structure comprises a flat-floored central basin (depth ~ 0.6–0.7 km) due to uplifted crystalline basement bordered by an inner ring of uplifted basement and sedimentary megablocks (radius 6 km) (Pohl et al., 1977).
Crater Morphology
Complex
Central Uplift Diameter
4km
Central Uplift Height
Unknown
Uplift Reliability Index
Structural Uplift
Unknown
Thickness of Seds
0.625 - 0.750
Target Age
Palaeozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Marine
No
Impactor Type
Ordinary chondrite or achondrite
  1. Authigenic breccia contains anomalously high concentrations of Fe, Cr, Ni, and Co; may be a chondrite or a stony aubrite meteorite (Morgan et al., 1979).
Other Shock Metamorphism
ReiditeImpact diamonds Maskelynite
  1. Reidite found in granite clasts in suevite (Erickson et al. 2017) Impact diamonds (Rost et al., 1978) (Hough et al., 1995). Maskelynite (Horz and Banholzer, 1980)."
Shatter Cones
Yes
  1. Shatter cones are very rare. Best in granite block in breccia (Dressler et al., 1969). Shatter cones clasts found in ejectas (Dietz, 1963).
Planar Fractures
No
Planar Deformation Features
Yes
  1. PDF in quartz grains and feldspars (Engelhardt and Stoffler, 1968) (Engelhardt and Graup, 1977) (Horz and Banholzer, 1980).
Diaplectic Glass
No
Coesite
Yes
  1. (Shoemaker and Chao, 1961)
Stisovite
Yes
  1. (Stoffler, 1971)
Crater Fill
LB, MB, M
  1. Crater-fill: - MB. Melt-poor and melt-rich breccias present (referred to as crater suevites). Table 2 in (Osinski et al., 2016). Melt content decreases downward (Stoffler, 1977). Proximal ejecta: - LB corresponds to the "Bunte Breccia" and is a glass-free polymict breccia with sedimentary clasts (Horz, 1982) (Horz et al., 1983). - LB is also as polymict breccias with mainly crystallline clasts, as irregular bodies of 10s of meters overlying the Bunte Breccia (Pohl et al., 1977) (Engelhardt, 1990). - Melt rocks have traditionally been referred to as surficial suevite (Horz, 1965) (Bringemeier, 1994), however, it was shown that the groundmass of some of these "suevites" is not clastic (Osinski et al., 2004). They overlie Bunte Breccia . Dyke suevites occur in the parautochthonous crater basement (Stoffler et al., 2013). Tektites (referred to as moldavites) up to distances of 260-400 km to the east and northeast (Barnes, 1964) (Horz, 1982) (Engelhardt et al., 1987) (Osinski et al., 2004). (Grieve and Cintala, 1992)
Proximal Ejecta
LB, M, MB
Distal Ejecta
T
Dykes
MB
Volume of Melt
2x10^-1 km3
Depth of Melting

References

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Eugene M Shoemaker, E C T Chao (1961) New evidence for the impact origin of the Ries basin, Bavria, Germany, Journal of Geophysical Research 66(10), p. 3371-3378, url, doi:10.1029/JZ066i010p03371

E C T Chao, J Littler (1962) The petrography of impactites and tektites with special reference to a dense impactite glass from the Ries crater, Germany, Journal of Geophysical Research 67(9), p. 3548-3549, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, url, doi:10.1029/JZ067i009p03531

E C T Chao, J Littler (1963) New evidence for the impact origin of the Ries basin, Bavaria, Germany, GSA Special Paper: Abstracts for 1962: Abstracts of papers submitted for six meetings with which the Society was associated 73, p. 127-127, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, url, doi:10.1130/SPE73

G G Johnson, V Vand, F Dachille (1964) Additional rims around the Ries Kessel meteoritic crater, Nature (London) 201(4919), p. 592-593, Macmillan Journals, London, url, doi:10.1038/201592a0

Ahmed El Goresy (1964) Die erzmineralien in den Ries- und Bosumtwi-Krater-Gläsern und ihre genetische Deutung, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 28(12), p. 1881-1891, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(64)90135-8

G G Johnson, V Vand, F Dachille (1965) Congruent scaling of Meteor Crater and the Ries Kessel, GSA Special Paper: Abstracts of papers submitted for six meetings with which the Society was associated 82, p. 102-102, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, url, doi:10.1130/SPE82

D Stöffler (1966) Zones of impact metamorphism in the crystalline rocks of the Nördlinger Ries crater, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 12(1), p. 15-24, url, doi:10.1007/BF02651126

Wolf von Engelhardt, J Arndt, D Stoeffler, W F Muller, H Jeziorkowski, R Gubser (1967) Diaplektische Gläser in den Breccien des Ries von Nördlingen als Anzeichen für Stoßwellenmetamorphose, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 15(1), p. 93-102, Springer International, Heidelberg-New York, url, doi:10.1007/BF01167216

Wolf von Engelhardt (1967) Chemical composition of Ries glass bombs, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 31(10), p. 1677-1689, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(67)90114-7

U Foerstner (1967) Petrographische Untersuchungen des Suevit aus den Bohrungen Deiningen und Wörnitzostheim im Ries von Nördlingen, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 15(4), p. 281-308, Springer International, Heidelberg-New York, url, doi:10.1007/BF00404198

D Stöffler (1967) Deformation und Umwandlung von Plagioklas durch Stoßwellen in den Gesteinen des Nördlinger Ries, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 16(1), p. 51-83, url, doi:10.1007/BF00371608

G G Johnson, V Vand (1967) Application of a Fourier data smoothing technique to the meteoritic crater Ries Kessel, Journal of Geophysical Research 72(6), p. 1741-1750, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, url, doi:10.1029/JA072i006p01741

E C T Chao (1968) Pressure and temperature histories of impact metamorphosed rocks, based on petrographic observations, Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie. Abhandlungen 108(3), p. 209-246, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, url

A. El Goresy, G. Donnay (1968) A new allotropic form of carbon from the Ries Crater, Science 161(3839), doi:10.1126/science.161.3839.363

C. C. Schnetzler, John A. Philpotts, W. H. Pinson (1969) Rubidium-strontium correlation study of moldavites and Ries Crater material, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33(9), doi:10.1016/0016-7037(69)90057-X

J G Dennis (1971) Ries structure, southern Germany, a review, Journal of Geophysical Research 76(23), p. 5394-5406, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, url, doi:10.1029/JB076i023p05394

W Schneider (1971) Petrologische Untersuchungen der Bunten Breccie im Nördlinger Ries, Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie. Abhandlungen 114(2), p. 136-174, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, url

D Storzer, W Gentner, F Steinbrunn (1971) Stopfenheim Kuppel, Ries Kessel and Steinheim Basin: A triplet cratering event, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 13(1), p. 76-78, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(71)90107-5

P Horn (1972) The Ries kessel, Germany: An example of meteorite impact as a terrestrial geological process, Geoforum 3(4), p. 91-95, Pergamon, Oxford, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7185(72)90069-3

C J W Westhoff (1972) Een bezoek aan een van de grootste meteoor-kraters op aarde, het Nördlinger Ries, in W. Duitsland, Grondboor en Hamer 26(3), p. 79-88, [Nederlandse Geologische Vereniging], [Winterswijk], url

M Abadian (1972) Petrographie, Stoßwellenmetamorphose und Entstehung polymikter kristalliner Breccien im Nördlinger Ries, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 35(3), p. 245-262, url, doi:10.1007/BF00371219

W V Engelhardt (1972) Shock produced rock glasses from the Ries crater, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 36(4), p. 265-292, url, doi:10.1007/BF00444336

V Stähle (1973) Cordierite glass formed by shock in a cordierite-garnet-gneiss from the Ries crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 18(3), p. 385-390, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(73)90094-0

H Schneider (1974) Shock-induced thermal transformations of Ries biotites, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 43(3), p. 233-243, url, doi:10.1007/BF01134839

V Stähle (1975) Natural shock behavior of almandite in metamorphic rocks from the Ries crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 25(1), p. 71-81, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90212-5

A E L Goresy, E C T Chao (1976) Identification and significance of armalcolite in the Ries glass, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 30, p. 200-208, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(76)90246-6

E C T Chao (1976) Mineral-produced high-pressure striae and clay polish: Key evidence for nonballistic transport of ejecta from Ries crater, Science 194(4265), p. 615-618, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, url, doi:10.1126/science.194.4265.615-a

A E L Goresy, E C T Chao (1976) Evidence of the impacting body of the Ries crater — The discovery of Fe-Cr-Ni veinlets below the crater bottom, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 31(3), p. 330-340, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(76)90114-X

E K Jessberger, B Dominik, O A Schaeffer, T Staudacher (1977) K-AR systematics of impact breccias from Nördlinger Ries, Transactions - American Geophysical Union 58(9), p. 921, 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION

J Pohl, D Stoeffler, H Gall, K Ernstson (1977) The Ries impact crater, Impact and Explosion Cratering: Planetary and Terrestrial Implications: Proceedings of the Symposium on Planetary Cratering Mechanics 1976, D J Roddy, R O Pepin, R B Merrill (ed.), p. 343-404, New York: Pergamon Press, url

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D Stöffler (1977) Research drilling Nördlingen 1973: Polymict breccias, crater basement, and cratering model of the Ries impact structure, Geologica Bavarica 75, p. 163-189, url

E K Jessberger, T Staudacher, B Dominik, T Kirsten, O A Schaeffer (1978) Limited response of K-Ar system to Nördlinger Ries giant meteorite impact, Nature 271(5643), p. 338-339, PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW: MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD, url, doi:10.1038/271338a0

J Pohl (1978) Evidence for the coincidence of a geomagnetic reversal with the Ries impact event, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 13(4), p. 600-600, url, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1978.tb00088.x

R Rost, I A Dolgov, S A Vishnevsky (1978) Gases in inclusions of impact glasses of Ries crater (German-Federal-Republic) and occurrence of highly baric carbon polymorphs, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 241(3), p. 695-698, 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA: MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA

J W Morgan, M J Janssens, J Hertogen, J Gros, H Takahashi (1979) Ries impact crater, southern Germany — Search for meteoritic material, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43(6), p. 803-815, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90220-5

F Horz, H Gall, R Huttner, V R Oberbeck (1979) Shallow drilling in the "bunte breccia" impact deposits, Ries crater, Germany, Impact and Explosion Cratering: Proceedings of the Symposium on Planetary Cratering Mechanics, Flagstaff, Ariz., September 13-17, 1976, D J Roddy, R O Pepin, R B Merrill (ed.), p. 425-448, New York: Pergamon Press, url

D S Miller, G A Wagner (1979) Age and intensity of thermal events by fission track analysis: The Ries impact crater, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 43(3), p. 351-358, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(79)90090-6

E David (1979) Corrected impact mechanical data for the Ries impact, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 14(4), p. 377-378, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701: METEORITICAL SOC, url

ROBERT RIDING (1979) Origin and diagenesis of lacustrine algal bioherms at the margin of the Ries crater, Upper Miocene, southern Germany, Sedimentology 26(5), doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00936.x

K Bader, H Schmidt-Kaler (1980) Lage und Struktur des Ries-Kraterrandes im Wörnitztal nördlich von Öttingen auf Grund refraktionsseismischer messungen, Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe E: Geophysik(19), p. 119-126, Schweizerbart in Komm., Stuttgart, url

R Huettner, E Brost, J Homilius, H Schmidt-Kaler (1980) Struktur des Ries-Kraterrandes auf Grund geoelektrischer Tiefensondierungen, Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe E: Geophysik(19), p. 95-117, Schweizerbart in Komm., Stuttgart, url

V Stähle (1981) The impact melt rocks at the Ries crater, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 16(4), p. 388, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701: METEORITICAL SOC, url

G Graup (1981) Terrestrial chondrules, glass spherules and accretionary lapilli from the suevite, Ries crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 55(3), p. 407-418, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90168-0

F Hoerz (1982) Ejecta of the Ries crater, Germany, GSA Special Paper - Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth 190, p. 39-55, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, url, doi:10.1130/SPE190-p39

T Staudacher, E K Jessberger, B Dominik, T Kirsten, O A Schaeffer (1982) 40Ar-39Ar ages of rocks and glasses from the Nördlinger Ries crater and the temperature history of impact breccias, Journal of Geophysics = Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik 51(1), p. 1-11, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, url

D Stoffler, Rolf Ostertag (1983) The Ries impact crater, Fortschritte der Mineralogie 61(2), p. 71-116, NAEGELE U OBERMILLER JOHANNESSTRASSE 3A, D 70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY: E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGS

F Horz, Rolf Ostertag, D A Rainey (1983) Bunte breccia of the Ries: Continuous deposits of large impact craters, Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 21(8), p. 1667-1725, url, doi:10.1029/RG021i008p01667

H E Newsom, G Graup (1984) Hydrothermal alteration of suevite impact ejecta at the Ries meteorite crater, FR Germany, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 19(4), p. 280-282, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701: METEORITICAL SOC, url, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1984.tb00840.x

P Horn, D Muller-Sohnius, H Kohler, G Graup (1985) Rb-Sr systematics of rocks related to the Ries crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75, p. 384-392, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(85)90181-5

P. Horn, D. Müller-Sohnius, H. Köhler, G. Graup (1985) RbSr systematics of rocks related to the Ries Crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75(4), doi:10.1016/0012-821X(85)90181-5

K Heissig (1986) No effect of the Ries impact event on the local mammal fauna, Modern Geology 10(2-3), Beverly Halstead (ed.), p. 171-179, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, NY, url

H E Newsom, G Graup, T Sewards, K Keil (1986) Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the suevite deposit in the Ries crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research 91(B13), Graham Ryder, Gerald Schubert (ed.), p. E239-E251, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, url, doi:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E239

Horton E. Newsom, Günther Graup, Terry Sewards, Klaus Keil (1986) Fluidization and hydrothermal alteration of the Suevite deposit at the Ries Crater, West Germany, and implications for Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research 91(B13), doi:10.1029/jb091ib13p0e239

W V Engelhardt, E Luft, J Arndt, H Schock, W Weiskirchner (1987) Origin of moldavites, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51(6), p. 1425-1443, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90326-7

E Pernicka, P Horn, J Pohl (1987) Chemical record of the projectile in the graded fall-back sedimentary unit from the Ries crater, Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 86(1), p. 113-121, url, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(87)90194-4

D Bogard, F Hoerz, D Stoeffler (1988) Loss of radiogenic argon from shocked granitic clasts in suevite deposits from the Ries crater, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52(11), p. 2639-2649, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90032-4

H E Newsom, G Graup, D A Iseri, John W Geissman, K Keil (1990) The formation of the Ries crater, West Germany: Evidence of atmospheric interactions during a larger cratering event, GSA Special Paper: Global Catastrophes in Earth History; An Interdisciplinary Conference on Impacts, Volcanism, and Mass Mortality 247, V L Sharpton, P D Ward (ed.), p. 195-206, Boulder: Geological Society of America (GSA), url, doi:10.1130/SPE247-p195

Wolf von Engelhardt (1990) Distribution, petrography and shock metamorphism of the ejecta of the Ries crater in Germany—a review, Tectonophysics 171(1-4), L O Nicolaysen, W U Reimold (ed.), p. 259-273, Elsevier, Amsterdam, url, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90104-G

P M Grootes, M Stulver, J W C White, S Johnsen, J Jouzel (1992) Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Letters to Nature 356, p. 133-135, pdf

D Bringemeier (1994) Petrofabric examination of the main suevite of the Otting quarry Nördlinger Ries, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 29

W V Engelhardt, J Arndt, B Fecker, H G Pankau (1994) Ries impact crater, Germany — Thermal history of the suevite breccia, Meteoritics 29(4), p. 463-464, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701: METEORITICAL SOC, url

G Schmidt, E Pernicka (1994) The determination of platinum group elements (PGE) in target rocks and fall-back material of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater, Germany, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58(22), p. 5083-5090, url, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90233-X

R M Hough, I Gilmour, C T Pillinger, J W Arden, K W R Gilkes, J Yuan, H J Milledge (1995) Diamond and silicon-carbide in impact melt rock from the Ries impact crater, Nature 378(6552), p. 41-44, MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND: NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, url, doi:10.1038/378041a0

G Arp (1995) Lacustrine bioherms, spring mounds, and marginal carbonates of the Ries-impact-crater (Miocene, Southern Germany), Facies 33(1), p. 35-89, url, doi:10.1007/BF02537444

Y Miura (1995) New shocked calcite and iron grains from Nördlingen Ries impact crater, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 30(5), Derek W G Sears (ed.), p. 550-551, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

Wolf von Engelhardt, J Arndt, B Fecker, H G Pankau (1995) Suevite breccia from the Ries crater, Germany: Origin, cooling history and devitrification of impact glasses, Meteoritics 30(3), p. 279-293, url, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01126.x

V Knobloch, J Kucera (1996) Trace elements in quartz grains from the Ries impact crater and lechatelierites from southern Bohemian moldavites, Chemie der Erde 56(4), p. 487-492, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

J I Abbott, R M Hough, I Gilmore, C T Pillinger (1996) Impact diamonds in glass from Otting quarry, Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, Suppl., Derek W G Sears (ed.), p. 5, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

Wolf von Engelhardt (1997) Suevite breccia of the Ries impact crater, Germany: Petrography, chemistry and shock metamorphism of crystalline rock, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 32(4), p. 545-554, url, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01299.x

M Siebenschock, R T Schmitt, D Stoeffler (1998) Impact diamonds in glass bombs from suevite of the Ries crater, Germany: new observations, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4, Suppl.), p. 1, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

J I Abbott, R M Hough, I Gilmour, C T Pillinger (1998) Carbon chemistry of suevites and target rocks at the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4, Suppl.), p. 1, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

A A Val'ter, G K Yeremenko, Y A Golkanov, A Y Khrenov, M Siyebenschok, R T Shmidt, D Shteffler (1998) Impact diamonds from suevites of Ries Crater, Germany: new data, Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal 20(3), p. 3-12, Akademiya Nauk Ukrainy, Kiev, url

F Langenhorst, G Shafranovsky, V L Masaitis (1998) A comparative study of impact diamonds from the Popigai, Ries, Sudbury, and Lappajarvi craters, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33(4, Suppl.), p. A90-A91, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

R T Schmitt, M Siebenschock, D Stoeffler, W U Reimold (1999) Distribution of impact diamonds in the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 34(4, Suppl.), p. 102, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

G Graup (1999) Carbonate-silicate liquid immiscibility upon impact melting: Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 34(3), p. 425-438, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA: METEORITICAL SOC

Ahmed El Goresy, Ming Chen, P Gillet, F Kuenstler, V Staehle, W U Reimold (1999) In situ discovery of shock-induced graphite-diamond phase transformations in polished thin sections of shocked gneisses from the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 34(4, Suppl.), p. 125-126, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

V Stähle, P Gillet, Ming Chen, Ahmed El Goresy, W U Reimold (1999) A new natural dense silicon dioxide glass in shocked garnet gneisses from the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 34(4, Suppl.), p. 112, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

V Stähle (2000) Impact glasses from the suevte of the Nördlinger Ries, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 17(July 1972), p. 275-293

C Lapke, R T Schmitt, T Kenkmann, D Stoeffler (2000) Raman microspectrometry of impact diamonds from the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics and Planetary Science 35(S), p. A95, DEPT CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY, UNIV ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR 72701 USA: METEORITICAL SOC, url

E Pierazzo, J N Spitale, D A Kring (2001) Hydrocode modeling of the Ries impact event, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, p. 14-15

Ahmed El Goresy, Ming Chen, Leonid Dubrovinsky, P Gillet, G Graup (2001) An ultradense polymorph of rutile with seven-coordinated titanium from the Ries crater, Science (New York, N.Y.) 293(5534), p. 1467-1470, url, doi:10.1126/science.1062342

Ahmed El Goresy, Ming Chen, P Gillet, Leonid Dubrovinsky, G Graup, R Ahuja (2001) A natural shock-induced dense polymorph of rutile with α-PbO2 structure in the suevite from the Ries crater in Germany, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 192(4), p. 485-495, url, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00480-0

D Stoeffler, N A Artemieva, E Pierazzo, B A Ivanov, Guy J Consolmagno (2001) Ries crater, Germany: Geology and numerical modeling of impact cratering, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36(9, Suppl.), p. 199, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

P Hofmann, D Leythaeuser, L Schwark (2001) Organic matter from the Bunte breccia of the Ries crater, southern Germany: Investigating possible thermal effects of the impact, Planetary and Space Science 49(8), p. 845-851, url, doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00034-4

S Heuschkel, R T Schmitt, D Stoeffler (2001) Raman microspectrometry on experimentally shocked calcite and naturally shocked limestones from the Ries crater, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36(9, Suppl.), p. 79-80, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, pdf

R Skála, K Zák (2001) Stable isotope study of carbonates from the Ries meteorite impact crater - evidence for impact-induced carbonate decomposition, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 32, p. 1572 pdf, pdf

Ahmed El Goresy, P Gillet, Ming Chen, V Staehle, G Graup, Guy J Consolmagno (2001) In situ finding of the fabric settings of shock-induced quartz/coesite phase transition in crystalline clasts in suevite of the Ries crater, Germany, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36(9, Suppl.), p. 69-70, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, pdf

A Lo Giudice, G Pratesi, S A Vishnevsky, Guy J Consolmagno (2001) New SEM-CL data on the Popigai, Ries and Lappajarvi impact diamonds, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36(9, Suppl.), p. 115-116, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

A E Goresy, P Gillet, Ming Chen, F Künstler, G Group, V Stähle (2001) In situ discovery of shock-induced graphite-diamond phase transition in gneisses from the Ries crater, Germany, American Mineralogist 86(5-6), p. 611-621, url

M Pache, J Reitner, G Arp (2001) Geochemical evidence for the formation of a large miocene “travertine” mound at a sublacustrine spring in a soda lake (Wallerstein castle rock, Nördlinger Ries, Germany), Facies 45(1), p. 211-230, url, doi:10.1007