Zhamanshin - Hypervelocity Impact Crater

Alternate Names
Local Language
Coordinates 48° 21' 58" N; 60° 56' 9" E
Notes
  1. ~200 km N of Aral Sea and 40 km SW of Irgiz settlement.
Country Kazakhstan
Region Aktobe
Date Confirmed 1977
Notes
  1. Shatter cones in pebbles of conglomerate and PDFs in quartz (Florenskii et al., 1977).
Buried? No
Notes
  1. Quaternary loess amd lacustrine deposits partially fill the basins (Florenskii et al., 1979).
Drilled? Yes
Notes
  1. 3 holes drilled to 700-1000 m in centre, circular trench and inner crater slope penetrate Quaternary loess, argillaceaous sandy deposits and into allogenic and authigenic breccias (Masaitis et al., 1980; Zaitsev, pers.comm.). For other drill holes see Boyko and Gladkova (1984).
Target Type Mixed
Notes
  1. Folded Early Silurian schists, quartzites and porphyroids, lower Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary strata, late Palaeozoic mafic and ultramafic intrusions, flat lying Lower and Upper Cretaceous sandstones, clays and marls and Eocene and Oligocene sandstones, sands and clays (Fel'dman and Sezonova, 1993). (Schultz et al., 2020) describes thicknesses of units in the target rock outside the crater (below). Paleozoic: Silurian quartzites &quartzite schists: ~1500m Carboniferous volcanosedimentary: ~1200m Devonian shales, sandstones, limestones, tuffs, jaspers, basalts, dacites, rhyolites, serpentinites, and basic volcanics: (no thickness given) Mesozoic (Cretaceous) sandstones: 30m limestones, shales, marls: 30m Cenozoic (Paleogene) shales: 145m quartz sands and clays: 15m
Sub-Type Claystone, Marl, Sandstone, Schist
Apparent Crater Diameter (km) 13 km
Age (Ma) 0.91 ± 0.14
Notes :
  1. 0.91 ± 0.14 Ma determined by 40Ar/39Ar of impact glass (Deino et al., 1990) recalculated by (Schmieder and Kring, 2020), pre-recalculation age was 0.87 ± 0.13 Ma. Additional age constraints: Melt rock analyzed by 40Ar/39Ar provided an age of 1.0 ± 0.1 Ma (Masaitis, 1999). Earlier than the Pliocene according to K-Ar and fission track methods (Masaitis et al., 1980) (Koeberl and Storzer, 1987).

Method :
  1. 40Ar/39Ar
Impactor Type Unknown
Notes
  1. Glassy fragments contain considerable enrichment of Ni and Ir (Masaitis et al., 1980). "the projectile could not have been an iron meteorite nor a stony iron...a chondritic meteorite can be excluded... It does not appear likely that the projectile was an achondrite...It is concluded that the geochemical data are consistent with the hypothesis of a giant tektite as the projectile at Zhamanshin" via (O'Keefe, 1987). Use of chromium and oxygen isotopes indicated that the impactor was a carbonaceous chrondrite. This was shown as the resulting depleted 17O (isotope of oxygen) values was due to exchange with O2 in the atmosphere (Magna, 2017).

Advanced Data Fields

Notes

Erosion
3
  1. Vestiges of rim preserved. Glass (irghisites and zhamanshinites) preserved as bombs and lapilli on the surface. Moderately eroded with the ejecta removed and only the vestiges of the rim remaining (Florenskii et al., 1979).
Final Rim Diameter
Unknown
Apparent Rim Diameter
13 km
  1. The structure is 13 km in diameter which represents the so-called "external crater" (Dressler and Reimold, 2001) (Gornostaeva et al., 2017). Previous diameter of 14 km from (Garvin et al., 1995).
Rim Reliability Index
1
  1. Consists of a central uplift of basement rocks, 5.5 km in diameter, uplifted on the outer margin forming a ring rim; the outer partial rim is 13 km in diameter (Masaitis et al., 1984). Apparent depth from (Garvin and Schnetzler, 1995). Geophysical data suggests the presence of a central uplift ~1 km across and ~250 m above the crater floor that is completely overlain by allochthonous crater-fill impactites (Masaitis, 1999).
Crater Morphology
Complex
Central Uplift Diameter
5.5km
Central Uplift Height
250 m
Uplift Reliability Index
2
Structural Uplift
550 m
Thickness of Seds
>0.28
Target Age
Palaeozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Marine
No
Impactor Type
  1. Glassy fragments contain considerable enrichment of Ni and Ir (Masaitis et al., 1980). "the projectile could not have been an iron meteorite nor a stony iron...a chondritic meteorite can be excluded... It does not appear likely that the projectile was an achondrite...It is concluded that the geochemical data are consistent with the hypothesis of a giant tektite as the projectile at Zhamanshin" via (O'Keefe, 1987). Use of chromium and oxygen isotopes indicated that the impactor was a carbonaceous chrondrite. This was shown as the resulting depleted 17O (isotope of oxygen) values was due to exchange with O2 in the atmosphere (Magna, 2017).
Other Shock Metamorphism
Lechatalierite Maskelynite
  1. Lechatalierite (Masaitis and Selivanouskaya, 1987) and Maskelynite (Florenskii et al., 1979).
Shatter Cones
Yes
  1. Shatter cones occur in limestone pebbles of conglomerates, in (Mesocenozoic and Upper Paleozoic) sandstones, and in (Paleozoic) schists (Florenskii et al., 1979); a macrophoto is presented.
Planar Fractures
No
Planar Deformation Features
Yes
  1. PDF in quartz (Masaitis et al., 1980).
Diaplectic Glass
Yes
  1. (Masaitis, 1999)
Coesite
Yes
  1. (Florenskii et al., 1979) (Masaitis, 1999)
Stisovite
Yes
  1. (Florenskii et al., 1979) (Masaitis, 1999)
Crater Fill
LB, MB, G
  1. The crater is filled with 700 m of melt-bearing breccias and lithic breccias that consist of fragments of crystalline and sedimentary rocks. Glass fragments are abundant in the crater interior (Masaitis, 1999). "The new impact glass variety has, due to tire color, been termed 'blue zhamanshinites' or 'blue glass'"(Koeberl, 1988). "Microscopic glass spherules, called microirghizites, have been recovered from a stream deposit" (Glass, Fredriksson and Florensky, 1983).
Proximal Ejecta
Distal Ejecta
Dykes
Volume of Melt
Depth of Melting

References

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L G Kiryukhin, P V Florenskii, J S Sobolen (1969) The riddle of Zhamanshin (in Russian), Priroda 4, p. 70-72

G A Kostik, B V Piliya (1973) Neogene volcanic glasses from Zhamanshin, Irgiz area, USSR, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geologicheskaya 2, p. 145-148, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, url

V L Masaitis (1974) Some old meteoritic craters on the territory of the USSR (in Russian), Meteoritika 33, p. 64-68

P V Florenskii (1975) The Zhamanshin meteorite crater in the northern Aral region and associated tektites and impactites, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geologicheskaya 10, p. 73-86, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, url

W D Ehmann, W B Stroube, M Z Ali, T I M Hossain (1977) Zhamanshin crater glasses: Chemical composition and comparison with tektites, Meteoritics, p. 212-215

J A Philpotts, S R Winzer, S Schuhmann, R K L Lum (1977) The Zhamanshin structure: Lithophile trace element abundances and strontium isotope systematics (abstract), Meteoritics 12, p. 338

K Fredriksson, A De Gasparis, W D Ehmann (1977) The Zhamanshin structure: Chemical and physical properties of selected samples, Meteoritics, p. 229-231

P V Florenskii (1977) The first find of tektites in the USSR (the Zhamanshin meteorite crater, Northern Aral Sea region)(in Russian), Meteoritika 36(120-122)

E A King, J Arndt (1977) Water content of Russian tektites, Nature 269(5623), p. 48-49, Macmillan Journals, London, url

P V Florenskii, N Short, S R Winzer, K Fredriksson (1977) The Zhamanshin structure: Geology and petrography, Meteoritics, p. 227-228, url

A I Dabizha, B Ivanov (1978) A geophysical model of the structure of meteorite craters and some problems of the mechanics of crater formation (in Russian), Meteoritika 37, p. 160-167

P V Florenskii, Yu P Dikov, T S Gendler (1978) Die strukturchemischen Besonderheiten der Tektite, das Ergebnis von Schmelz- und Abschreckvorgaengen, Chemie der Erde 37(2), p. 109-118, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

P V Florenskii, A I Dabizha, A O Aaloe, E S Gorshkov, V I Miklyayev (1979) Geological-geophysical characteristics of the Zhamanshin meteorite crater (in Russian), Meteoritika 38, p. 86-97

B P Glass (1979) Zhamanshin Crater, a possible source of Australasian tektites?, Geology 7(7), p. 351-353, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, url

P V Florenskii, V P Perelygin, M L Bazhenov, D D Lkhagvasuren, S G Stetsenko (1979) A complex determination of the age of the Zhamanshin meteorite crater (in Russian), Astronomicheskii Vestnik 13, p. 178-186

D Storzer, G A Wagner (1979) Fission track dating of El'gygytgyn, Popigai and Zhamanshin impact craters: No sources for Australiasian or North-American tektites, Meteoritics 14, p. 541-542

S R Taylor, S M McLennan (1979) Chemical relationships among irghizites, zhamanshinites, Australasian tektites and Henbury impact glasses, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43(9), p. 1551-1566, Pergamon, Oxford, url

J A O'Keefe (1980) Comments on "Chemical relationships among irghizites, zhamanshinites, Australasian tektites and Henbury impact glass", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, p. 2153-2157

A I Dabizha, P V Florenskii, O I Alyunina, A V Alyunin (1980) Geophysical investigations of Zhamanshin crater, USSR, Lunar and Planetary Science XI 11, p. 192-194

P V Florenskii, A I Dabizha (1980) Zhamanshin meteor crater, Meteoritniy Krater Zhamanshin, p. 1-127

H Palme, R A F Grieve, R Wolf (1981) Identification of the projectile at the Brent crater, and further considerations of projectile types at terrestrial craters, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, p. 2417-2424, url

V Bouška, P Povondra, P V Florenskii, Z Řanda (1981) Irghizites and Zhamanshinities: Zhamanshin crater, USSR, Meteoritics 16, p. 171-184

D M Van Patter, C P Swann, B P Glass (1981) Proton probe analysis of an irghizite and a high-magnesium Java tektite, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45(2), p. 229-234, Pergamon, Oxford, url, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90167-8

K Heide, H P Brueckner, H G Schmidt, P V Florenskii (1981) Untersuchungen zum Gasgehalt der Irghisite und Zhamanshinite, Chemie der Erde 40(4), p. 340-351, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

R Rost (1981) Origin of the shapes of irghizites by accretion, Chemie der Erde 40(3), p. 265-269, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena

A I Raikhlin (1982) Impact glasses from certain astroblemes in the USSR (in Russian), Meteoritika 41, p. 130-133

J A O'Keefe (1982) Book Review: Meteoritny Krater Zhamanshin, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46(2), p. 303

Y I Boyko (1983) Structure of small meteorite craters of Zhamanshin (Kazakhstan)(In Russian), Ivzestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya 10(122-126)

D I Frikh-Khar, V Tsilek (1983) New data on glasses of Zhamanshin Structure, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 271(4), p. 959-961, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, url

B P Glass, K Fredriksson, P V Florenskii (1983) Microirghizites recovered from a sediment sample from the Zhamanshin impact structure, Journal of Geophysical Research 88, Suppl.(B), William V Boynton, Gerald Schubert (ed.), p. 319-330, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, url, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JB088iS01p0B319

Y I Boyko, V I Gladkova (1984) Dislocation of the upper cretaceous deposits in the Zhamanshin meteor crater, Western Kazakhstan, Byulleten' Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytateley Prirody, Otdel Geologicheskiy 59(6), p. 63-67, Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow, url

V L Masaitis, Y I Boiko, E P Izokh (1984) Zhamanshin impact crater (western Kazakhstan): Additional geological data, Lunar and Planetary Science XV, p. 515-516

P V Florenskii (1984) Irghizites; tektites from the Zhamanshin impact structure; peculiarities of the origin of tektites--Irgizity; tektity iz meteoritnogo kratera Zhamanshin; osobennosti protsessov proiskhozhdeniya tektitov, International Geological Congress, Abstracts = Congres Geologique International, Resumes 27(8), N A Bogdanov (ed.), p. 283-284, [International Geological Congress], [location varies], url

C Koeberl, R Berner, F Grass (1984) Lithium in tektites and impact glasses; a discussion, Chemie der Erde 43(4), p. 321-330, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

D D Badjukov (1985) High pressure phases in impactites of the Zhamanshin Crater/USSR, Lunar and Planetary Science XVI, p. 21-22

C Koeberl, F Kluger, W Kiesl (1985) Zhamanshin and Aouelloul impact glasses; major element chemistry, correlation analyses and parent material, Chemie der Erde 44(1), p. 47-65, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

C Koeberl, F Kluger, W Kiesl (1985) Rare earth elemental patterns in some impact glasses and tektites and potential parent materials, Chemie der Erde 44(2), p. 107-121, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

E P Izokh (1985) The paradox of age: Tektites and tektite showers (in Russian), Meteoritika 44, p. 127-134

V L Masaitis, T V Selivanovskaia, E P Izokh (1986) First-generation impactites from the Zhamanshin astrobleme (in Russian), Meteoritika 45, p. 142-149

C Koeberl, F Kluger, W Kiesl (1986) Trace element correlations as clues to the origin of tektites and impactites, Chemie der Erde 45(1-2), p. 1-21, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

C Koeberl, K Fredriksson (1986) Impact glasses from Zhamanshin Crater (U.S.S.R.); chemical composition and discussion of origin, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78(1), p. 80-88, Elsevier, Amsterdam, url, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90174-3

C Koeberl, D D Badjukov, M A Nazarov (1986) Blue glass from Zhamanshin impact crater (USSR), Lunar and Planetary Science XVII, p. 430-431

V G Pronin, Y V Mironov, A M Babanova (1987) New data on Zhamanshin crater (northern Aral region), All-Union Meteorite Conference, p. 51-52

L L Kashkarov, L I Genaeva, E P Izokh (1987) Fission track dating of glasses from Zhamanshin astrobleme, Second International Conference on Natural Glasses, p. 199-202

V L Masaitis (1987) Elements of bilateral symmetry of the Zhamanshin impact crater (in Russian), Meteoritika 46, p. 119-123

L F Volchegroskiy, V G Pronin, Y G Ferrakhov (1987) Geology of the Zhamanshin crater, International Conference on Natural Glasses 2, E Jelinek (ed.), p. 70-71, [publisher varies], Prague, url

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C Koeberl, D Storzer (1987) Chemical composition and fission track age of Zhamanshin crater glass, Second International Conference on Natural Glasses, p. 207-213

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Christian Koeberl (1988) Blue glass; a new impactite variety from Zhamanshin Crater, U.S.S.R., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52(3), p. 779-784, Pergamon, Oxford, url, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90338-9

V I Fel'dman, V M Rjachovsky (1988) Compositional relationships of target and melt on Zhamanshin astrobleme, Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 19, p. 317, url

L L Kashkarov, L I Genaeva, V G Kashkarova (1988) Track and thermoluminescence dating of the impact glasses from meteoritic crater Zhamanshin, Lunar and Planetary Science XIX, p. 587-588

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E P Izokh, C Koeberl (1989) Relationship between Austral-Asian tektite strewn-field and Zhamanshin Crater; clue to the origin of tektites, LPI Contribution 712, p. 96, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, url

V S Volkova (1990) Palynologic characteristics and the age of the impact layer associated with the Zhamanshin crater (In Russian), Traces of Cosmic Effects on the Earth, p. 202-206

E P Izokh, L L Kashkarov, L I Genaeva (1990) The fission-track age of glasses from the impact at Zhamanshin Crater, Traces of cosmic influences on Earth, A N Dmitriyev (ed.), Nauka, Novosibirsk, url

E P Izokh (1990) Geological data on the age of the Zhamanshin impact crater (In Russian), Traces of Cosmic Effects on the Earth, p. 176-188

V L Masaitis (1990) Elements of bilateral symmetry of the Zhamanshin impact crater, Meteoritics 25, p. 146

M M Korotayeva, L V Sazonova (1990) Relationship of porosity and impact melt rocks composition (Zhamanshin astobleme, USSR), Lunar and planetary science XXI, p. 655-656

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A L Deino, T A Becker (1990) Laser-Fusion 40Ar/39Ar ages of acid Zhamanshinite, Lunar and Planetary Science XXI, p. 271-272

A A Val'ter, G M Kolesov (1990) Rare-earth element distribution in terrestrial crater rocks, Geokhimiya 1990(7), p. 915-925, Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Moscow

L L Kashkarov, V G Kashkarova, E P Izokh, V I Vernadsky (1990) Thermoluminescence dating of glasses from Zhamanshin crater, Lunar and Planetary Science XXI, p. 607-608, url

E p Izokh (1991) Zhamanshin impact crater and tektite problem, Soviet Geology and Geophysics 32(4), p. 1-10, Allerton Press, New York, NY

L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva (1991) Zhamanshin astrobleme glasses: The discovery of stable liquid immiscibility and miniral unusual for magmatic rocks, Lunar and Planetary Science XXII, p. 1175-1176

A P Rozhdestvenskiy, D A Timofeyev, I K Zinyakhina, Yu L Kisarev (1991) Geomorphology of the Zhamanshin meteor crater area, Geomorfologiya 1991(2), p. 78-86, Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Moscow, url

I G Kapustkina (1991) Some pecularities of the irgizites construction and composition, Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p. 679-680

L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva (1991) Metastable liquid immiscibility in Zhamanshin astrobleme glasses as a result of sharp supercooling of impact melts, Lunar and Planetary Science XXII, p. 1173-1174

M E Zolensky, C Koeberl (1991) Why are blue zhamanshinites blue? Liquid immiscibility in an impact melt, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55(5), p. 1483-1486, Pergamon, Oxford, url, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90322-V

A A Val'ter, G M Kolesov (1991) Distribution of rare-earth elements in astrobleme rocks, Geochemistry International 28(2), p. 1-11, Birmingham, AL, United States (USA): MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Publishing, Birmingham, AL, url

L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva, A G Simakin (1991) Zhamanshin astrobleme glasses: Traces of initial melt non-homogeneity and definition of formation parameters, Lunar and Planetary Science XXII, p. 1177-1178, url

V I Fel'dman, L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva (1992) Crystallization temperature of melt impact rocks of Zhamanshin astrobleme (USSR), Lunar and Planetary Sciences XXIIII, p. 349-350, url

James B Garvin, C C Schnetzler, R A F Grieve (1992) Characteristics of large terrestrial impact structures as revealed by remote sensing studies, Tectonophysics 216(1-2), L J Pesonen, H Henkel (ed.), p. 45-62, Elsevier, Amsterdam, url

I S Novikov (1992) Morphological features of the Zhamanshin impact structure (Turgai Plateau), Russian Geology and Geophysics 33(1), p. 23-28, Allerton Press, New York, NY, url

L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva, A G Simakin (1992) Parameters for the formation conditions of melted impactites, Geokhimiya 1992(6), p. 871-880, Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Moscow, url

E P Izokh, L L Kashkarov, N Korotkova (1993) Age and chemical composition of the Zhamanshin crater impactites and tektites and comparison with Australasian tektites, Novosibirsk, p. 94, pdf

L V Sazonova, N N Korotayeva, A G Simakin (1993) Formation parameters of melted impactites, Geochemistry International 30(1), p. 103-111, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg

E P Izokh, L L Kashkarov, N N Korotayeva (1993) Ages of Zhamanshin crater impactites and projectile tektites, Meteoritics, p. 372, url

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G G Burba Jr, V A Meshcherskaya, D P Blanchard, David Black (1993) Landscape and geomorphic survey of Zhamanshin area, northern Kazakhstan; preliminary report on 1992 field trip data, Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 24, p. 221-222, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, url

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Y M Kolesnikov, L I Glazovskaya (1994) New results of K/Ar dating of Zhamanshin Astrobleme, Petrologiya 2(6), p. 653-657, MAIK "Nauka", Moscow

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G G Burba Jr (1994) Ecosystems of the terrestrial meteorite craters: Zhamanshin, Meteoritics 29(4), p. 452-453

V L Masaitis, J P Shergina, G S Shkarbatova, A P Karpinsky (1994) Isotopic composition of Sr in target rocks and impact glasses from Zhamanshin crater, Meteoritics 29, p. 497

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James B Garvin, C C Schnetzler (1994) The Zhamanshin impact feature; a new class of complex crater?, Special Paper - Geological Society of America 293, B O Dressler, R A F Grieve, V L Sharpton (ed.), p. 249-257, Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, url

V I Fel'dman (1995) Rare-Earth elements in astrobleme impactites, Geochemistry International 32, p. 24-48

J F McHone, D G Blumberg, R Greeley, J R Underwood Jr (1995) Space shuttle radar images of terrestrial impact structures; SIR-C/X-SAR, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 30(5), Derek W G Sears (ed.), p. 543, Fayetteville, AR, United States (USA): Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

M Ostermann, A Deutsch, V L Masaitis (1996) Geochemistry and Nd- Sr isotope signature of tektites (indochinites, urengoite) and impact melt glasses (zhamanshinites, irghizites), Lunar and Planetary Science XXVII 27, p. 987

A Deutsch, M Ostermann, V L Masaitis (1996) Neodymium-strontium isotope systematics of impact-related glassy objects (urengoites, South Ural glass, zhamanshinites, irghizites), Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, Suppl., Derek W G Sears (ed.), p. 37, Meteoritical Society, Fayetteville, AR, url

L I Glazovskaya, V L Masaytis (1996) Geochemical peculiarities of impact glasses of the Zhamanshin Crater, Chemie der Erde 56(4), p. 481-486, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

L I Glazovskaya, V V Golubkov (1996) Tektites and impact glasses of the Zhamanshin Crater; structure peculiarities in connection with genesis problems, Chemie der Erde 56(4), p. 477-480, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

E P Izokh (1996) Origin of tektites; an alternative to terrestrial impact theory, Chemie der Erde 56(4), p. 458-474, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, url

A N Komarov, V L Masaytis (1996) Age and composition of the Zhamanshin Crater impact glasses, Geochemistry International 33(2), p. 110-114, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg

L I Glazovskaya, V V Golubkov (1997) Specific microtextures of tektites and impact glass from the Zhamanshin Crater; implications for the tektite genesis, Petrologiya 5(2), p. 222-224, MAIK "Nauka", Moscow, url

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